Summary / comments concerning the main impacts
- Reduction of noise levels and air pollution (especially NOx (the main source), VOC and PM2.5) from freight transport. Society as a whole benefits from lower noise levels and pollutant emissions; the charge further helps to combate climate change. Optimal charging would lead to a reduction of air pollution and CO2 by 54% in United Kingdom, 50% in France and 42% in Finland. [17] The external-cost charging contributes to the reduction of external costs (air pollution, crop losses and other loss of production). [16]
- Within the modes there is a likely shift from road to rail (also in terms of pollution); the additional negative environmental effects due to more IWW transport are negligible.
Passengers
Transport operators
Unassigned
Health (incl. well-being)
Safety
Crime, terrorism and security
Accessibility of transport systems
Social inclusion, equality & opportunities
Standards and rights (related to job quality)
Employment and labour markets
Cultural heritage / culture